Museum Vredeburg is a
fort that is located in street A. Yani in front of the Magestic building and
imperial palace of yogyakarta. Nowadays, this fort becomes a museum which
consists of the history of dutch colonization. The fort is built as the central
goverment and resident dutch defense that time. The fort is surrounded by a
moat which most of the marks has been reconstructed and can be seen up to now.
This square fort also has tower monitor on the four coeners.
Vredeburg
is built closely associated with the birth of Yogyakarta Sultanate. The
Agreement of Giyanti on 13rd February 1755 succeeds finishing the
completion between Susuhunan Pakubuwono III and prince Mangkubumi. It is the
result of Dutch politics that always wants to interfere the internal affairs of
javenese kingdoms that time. 
Knowing the rapid
development of the palace that is built by the Lane I, the netherlands feel
worried and start proposing the Sultan to establish the fort which is close to
the palace. The establishment is the pretext so that The Netherlands can
protect environment around the palace. However, behind it all, actually The
Netherlands want to know and control the development that happens in the
palace. The location of the fort is only one cannon shot further from the
palace and its location faces the main street through the palace. It becomes
the indication that the purpose of that fort is to make a strategy,
intimidation, and blockade. It can be said that the purpose of the building is
to watch the sultan anytime he turns his face against the dutch.
Year 1760-1765
Before the fort is
built on the present location, in 1760 on the request of Netherland, Sultan
Hamengkubuwono I has built a square fort which is very simple. At the four
corners, there are four secures name seleka or bastion, Jayawisesa (northwest
corner), Jayapurusa (northeast corner), Jayaprakosaningprang (southwest corner), and Jayaprayitna (the southeast
corner).
According to Nicolas Hartingh, the state of the fort was very modest. The
wall was made of
soil and reinforced by wood and coconut palm trees as a buffer. Inside the
building, it consists of bamboo and wood
with thatched roofs. When W.H Ossenberch replaces the position of Nicolas
Hartingh in 1765, he proposes Sultan that the fort should be strengthen by a
permanent building to ensure the progress. The proposal then is granted, the
establishment is done under the supervision of the dutch architectural named
Ir. Frans Haak. At the begining of the constructuion in 1760, the status of the
land is owned by the sultanate, however, in the use of it, the land is given to
the Dutch as a present under the supervision of Nicolas Harthingh, governor of
the Director of the North Coast of Java, Semarang.
Year 1765-1788
W.H. Van
Ossenberg’s proposal, which says that the fort is made to be refined, is fulfilled in
1767. This period is a refinement in a more targeted Citadel on one form
stronghold. Based on the plan, the construction will be finish later bthat
year, however, the process runs slow and finishes in 1787. It happens because
the Sultan who holds this progress is very busy in establishing the palace of
Yogyakarta. After it is finished, the fort is named Rustendurg which has a
meaning “the bastion of rest”.
In this period, the formal judicial status of the
land still belongs to the Sultanate but the de facto, the control of the castle
and the land are held by the Dutch.
Year
1788-1799
This period, it is the time that the fort is used by
the Netherland in maximum way. The bankruptcy of VOC in 1799 led to the mastery
of the fort is taken over by Bataafsche Republic (Dutch Government). So that
the de facto government-owned Dutch kingdom. During this period, the status of
the formal judicial fort still belongs to the Sultanate, the de facto
controlled by the Dutch.
Year
1799-1807
The Status of formal judicial fortress land still
belongs to the Sultanate, but the use of the castle belongs de facto Bataafsche
Republic (Dutch Government) under the Governor Van Den Burg. The fort still
serves as the headquarters of defense.
Year 1807-1811
In this period, the fort is taken over by the
management of the Royal Holland (the Netherlands). The formal judicial status
of the land still belongs to the Sultanate, but the de facto becomes the
property of the Royal Netherlands Government under the Governor of Herman
Willem Daendels.
Year
1811-1816
When the British comes
to power Indonesia in 1811 - 1816, the fort is controlled by england under the
supervision of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Stamford Raffles. But in a short time
the Dutch can take over. The formal judicial fort still belongs to the
Sultanate.
Year 1816-1942
In 1867, earthquake
happens in Yogyakarta that destroys many big buildings such as Resident
Building that is built in 1824, Pal White Memorial, and Fort Rustenburg and
other buildings. Soon the buildings are rebuilt. The rustenburg then is
replaced with Vredeburg which means peace fort, the name is taken as a
manifestation of the relationship between the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the
Dutch, because there is no assault between each other.
The shape of the fort
remains as the begining construction. At the four corners are built secure
spaces called seleka or bastion. The gate which faces west surrounded by a
moat. Inside the building, it consists of the officers’ houses, soldiers
dormitory, warehouse logistics, warehouse gunpowder, soldiers hospital and home
resident. In Vredeburg, it is housed about 500 soldiers, including medics and
paramedics. Besides it, during the reign of the Dutch East Indies, it is used
for the protection of the residents who are on duty in Yogyakarta. It is very
possible because the office of the resident which is opposed to the location of
Vredeburg. In line with the political development in Indonesia that occurs from
time to time, then there is also a change of the status of ownership structure
and the of function Vredeburg.
The status of the fort
remains to the Sultanate, but the de facto, it remains to the Dutch. It is
because of the big relationship between them, the sultanate can not do further
in owning the fort, until the japanese army troops occupied the fort in 1942
after the Dutch surrendes to the Japanese to be marked with Kalijati Agreement
in March 1942 in West Java.
Japanese Period
On 7th march 1942, Japanese goverment
impsoses the Act No. 1 of 1942 that the regional leadership position continues
to be recognized but is under the supervision of Kooti Zium Tjokan Kyoku (Japan
governor) with offices in Building Tjokan Kantai (the Great building). Japanese
military power center is placed beside Kotabaru and also centered in Vredeburg.
The Japanese troops stationed in Vredeburg Kempetai are the army who are famous
with their truculently. Besides it, Vredeburg fort is also used as a place of
detention for prisoners of the Dutch and Indo Dutch who are captured. Also the
Indonesian politicians that are successfully captured because they are supposed
holding a maneuver against Japan.
In
order to fulfill the need of weapons, the japanese soldiers brings the weapons
from semarang. Before they disribute the weapons, the soldiers put the weapons
inside the Vredeburg. The ammunition dump located at each corner of the fort
except in the northeast corner. It is by the consideration that the region's security
is guaranteed. Placing ammunition dump in every corner of the fort is intended
to ease the army when the war suddenly happens.
Japanese mastery over Vredeburg lasted from 1942
until 1945, when the proclamation is reverberated and the nationalization of
the buildings occupied by the Japan began to be fulfilled. During that period,
although the de facto is controlled by the japanese but the formal judicial
status of the land still belongs to the Sultanate.
From the description, it can be said that during the
Japanese occupation (1942-1945) the building is functioned as a fortress
Vredeburg Kempeitei army headquarters, ammunition warehouses and prisons for
the Dutch and Indo Dutch and Indonesian politicians who oppose Japan.
Independence
period
Year 1945-1970s
The news of the proclamation of Indonesia's
independence is greeted with relief by all the people of Yogyakarta. Added with
the release statement lane IX (Statement of 5th September 1945)
followed by Sri Paku Alam VIII which contains much support for the
establishment of a new country, the Republic of Indonesia, the spirit of the
people are getting more excited.
As a result, there are many spontaneous actions,
like raising the flag, the seizure of the building as well as Japan's
disarmament. The strong Japanese troops are still in Yogyakarta, causing the violent
clashes as happened in Kotabaru, Yogyakarta. In the action of deprivation
building or other facility owned by Japanese, Vredeburg is also one of the
targets.
After the fort is occupied by the RI (Republic of
Indonesia), for further treatment is given to the military institution. It is
then used as a dormitory and headquarters troops who are joined in the squad by
code staff "Q" under the Lieutenant Commander Young I Radio, who is in
charge of military supplies. Therefore, it is not impossible that this period
of Vredeburg also serves as the headquarters as well as warehouse supplies
including weapons, ammunition, and so forth. In 1946 in the complex hospital
Vredeburg is established to serve the victims of the fighting troops. Also the
progress of the hospital also serve the soldiers and their families.
In 1946, the political situation in Indonesia is
experiencing insecurity when the different perception of the meaning of the
revolution is happening. It is erupted event known as "The events of July
3rd, 1946", the attempt of coup led by Maj. Gen. Soedarsono.
Due to these efforts fail then the characters involved in the incident as
Mohammad Yamin, Tan Malaka and Soedarsono are arrested as the political
prisoners, they are ever placed in Vredeburg.
During the Dutch Military Aggression II (December
19, 1948) Vredeburg which is used as a military headquarters RI becomes a target
of bombing planes of Netherlands. The Offices
of society's Security Army is destroyed. After mastering the airfield of Maguwo,
the dutch soldiers who join the Brigade led by Colonel Van Langen T managed to
control the city of Yogyakarta, including Vredeburg. Furthermore Vredeburg is used
as the headquarters of the Dutch army who join the IVG (informatie voor
Geheimen), the secret service of the Dutch army. In addition Vredeburgis also functioned as a dormitory and the dutch
soldiers also use it to store heavy weapons such as tanks, armored cars and
other military vehicles.
When a General Offensive March 1st, 1949,
as an effort to demonstrate that the world that Indonesia is still there along
with the military, Vredeburg is the one
of the targets of the other buildings controlled by the Dutch as a post office,
railway station, Hotel Toegoe, The Great Building, and barracks of Kotabaru.
About 6 six hours Yogyakarta can be mastered by military fighters and their attendants.
After the Dutch army reinforcements are brought from Magelang come to
Yogyakarta, the military and the people retreat to the countryside and do the
guerrilla struggle.
After the Dutch leaves the city of Yogyakarta,
Vredeburg is controlled by APRI (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia).
Then, the management is handed over to the Military Academy fort Yogyakarta. At
that time, Ki Hajar Dewantara never takes his idea that Vredeburg is used as a
cultural event. But the idea is stalled due to the events of "national
tragedy" Rebellion G 30 S / PKI 1965. At that time temporarily Vredeburg
which is used as a place of political prisoners associated with the events of
the G 30 S / PKI is directly under the control of Defence.
The plan about preservation Vredeburg is started more
evident after 1976. It is held the fort building feasibility study conducted by
the Institute for Rural and Regional Studies at Gadjah Mada University in
Yogyakarta. After the research, the effort toward restoration Vredeburg former is
about to begin.
Year
1977-1992
In this period, the status of the control and
management of the fort HANKAM is never submitted to the Regional Government of
Yogyakarta. The signing of a treaty on the use of former Vredeburg by Sri
Sultan HB IX (part I) and Mendibud Dr. Daoed Joesoef (part II) is held on August
9th, 1980. In this period Vredeburg has been used as a venue for art
Jamboree (26th to 28th August 1978), Education and
training Dodiklat Police. Also it has been used as a garrison headquarters and
the headquarters of the Army 072 Battalion 403. In addition, the formal judicial status of the land still
belongs to the Sultanate. By the consideration of Vredeburg former building
consists of great significance. So the former of Vredeburg is defined as objects of
cultural heritage by the Decree of the Minister of Education and Culture No.
0224/U/1981.
On the use of the building Vredeburg, it is confirmed
again by Prof. Dr. Nugroho Notosusanto (Mendikbud RI) on 5th
November 1984 who says that the former building Vredeburg will be functioned as
a national struggle museum managed by the Ministry of Education and Culture of
the Republic of Indonesia.
Charter agreement and letter lane IX No. 359/HB/85 on
16th April 1985 states that the changes to the layout of the
buildings within the fort complex Vredeburg is permitted in accordance with the
requirements as a museum. For further, it is conducted a restoration of the
former fort and later converted into a museum. In 1987 the museum has been able
to be visited by the public.
Year
1992-present
Through Decree RI Education Minister Prof. Dr. Fuad
Hasan 0475/O/1992 on 23rd November 1992, it is officially that Vredeburg
is a special Museum of National Resistance under the name Fortress Museum of
Yogyakarta.
To improve the function of the museum, this museum
gets overflow to manage Struggle Museum of Yogyakarta in Brontokusuman as the
state museum of DIY Sonobudoyo. Based on the Decree of the Minister of Culture
and Tourism No. KM 48/OT.001/MKP/2003 on December 5th, 2003, Museum
Vredeburg Yogyakarta is the Technical Unit based on the Ministry of Culture and
History and Antiquities Deputy.
Furthermore, according to the Decree of the Minister
of Culture and Tourism Number: KM 48/OT.001/MKP/2003 on December 5th,
2003 Museum Vredeburg Yogyakarta has its position, the main duty and function are
as a special museum which is a technical Unit based at the Ministry of Culture
and History and Antiquities Deputy in charge of implementing the collection,
maintenance, preservation, research, presentation, publication of research
results and provide guidance regarding educational cultural and historical
objects the struggle of Indonesia in Yogyakarta.
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